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HomeMy WebLinkAboutWater Resources Worksession November 20 20011 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Whatcom County Council Special Water Resources Work Session November 20, 2001 The meeting was called to order at 10:10 a.m. by Council Chair L. Ward Nelson in the Whatcom County Civic Center Annex, Second Floor Meeting Room, 322 N. Commercial, Bellingham, Washington. Also Present: Barbara Brenner Marlene Dawson Sam Crawford Connie Hoag Absent: Dan McShane Robert Imhof WATER RESOURCES WORK SESSION (AB2001 -063) Bruce Roll, Water Resources Manager, stated people are attending this meeting to speak on the flooding situation on their property. Ken Van Dyken 1450 Hampton Road, stated they have some concerns about significant changes. The dike has been formed there. More water is coming under the Everson bridge than it can handle. He is concerned that he will lose his animals during the next flood. He presented a buyout solution. Jeff Monsen, Public Works Director, stated Mr. Van Dyken described the most recent modeling work. They have clear evidence of what Mr. Van Dyken described. There are other policy issues that need to be dealt with regarding where the water should be going. They haven't resolved whether or not what is occurring should happen. Regarding the buyout, the Council has given staff policy decisions on designing and implementing buyout projects. Now, a condition is that local money is used to provide a match to grant opportunities. They have not yet had a grant opportunity for that area. They will have to discuss how to finance those projects. Nelson asked the recommendation for these folks to continue processing solutions for their land. Monsen stated that at this point, the drainage district should maintain contact with the Flood Advisory Committee and the flood staff. Also, he expects to act on buyouts and overflow corridors sometime next year. This situation is not an overflow corridor. It is backwater. He didn't know whether they would consider sending water from upstream into this reach. From a habitat standpoint and a flood storage standpoint, there was some interest a few years ago in looking for financing to do buyout and enhancement. Hoag stated these people contacted the Flood Division to see if they were available for buyouts. If they had applied for Federal Emergency Management Act (FEMA) funds, they would be eligible for a buyout. They didn't. They took care of it Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 themselves. They are not eligible because of that. Paula Cooper told her the modeling had not been completed yet, so they could not demonstrate a problem area for FEMA for about two years. She is concerned about where it will leave these people. It sounds as if an overflow coordinator is not something that will lend itself to. She questioned whether this is an area that would lend itself to a habitat area. Monsen stated this area does lend itself to pretty substantial habitat creation. At this point, they need a local sponsor to research that topic. It may be appropriate for the Salmon Recovery Funding (SRF) Board funding through their ranking process. A local sponsor would be someone who actually takes a lead in pulling together a project that could be successful. Hoag questioned whether the County Council could be a sponsor. Monsen stated a sponsor could be anyone willing to come up with the proposal. Hoag questioned whether these people are not eligible for the buyout funds that exist now. Monsen stated that if they have not submitted repetitive loss claims, then it would be a problem being eligible for FEMA funding. FEMA funding for repetitive loss is for structures and improvements, not necessarily the underlying land. Many times, in an agricultural situation, the majority of the value may be in the land, not the structures. It depends on what the owners are asking to be bought out. Hoag questioned whether the modeling so far indicates that there will be a problem in terms of flooding. Monsen stated they have enough information through the modeling work that demonstrates the situation is getting worse. Hoag asked the County's options to do something about this. Monsen stated a policy decision would be to suggest that the County would begin creating buyout programs, even though they are funded 100 percent by the County. Design the criteria to make that selection. Now, that selection is based upon eligibility from FEMA, state grant programs, and federal grant programs. Van Dyken stated they are in an overflow area. They do have overflows. Monsen stated one item in the Flood Hazard Plan is to select geographic locations to direct floodwaters into. When he talks about an overflow, he is talking about somewhere between natural and created overflow corridors. They are clearly in an overflow location. He does not know whether this is a location where overflows should continue. Crawford stated a fully funded buyout program would be a shift away from their policy. He questioned whether the proposal would still go through the Flood Advisory Committee and whether the Flood Advisory Committee still has criteria for prioritizing projects according to the seriousness of the problem. Monsen stated he assumed that, if the County moves in that direction, the Council would still engage the Flood Advisory Committee in the process of advertising, selection, and recommendation. It wouldn't have to be that way. Crawford questioned whether the Flood Advisory Committee is now giving a higher priority to programs that have matching funds. Monsen stated that almost Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 everything the County does from a funding standpoint begins when someone else proposes to bring money to a project. If someone else hasn't brought money to the table through a grant, diking district, or proposal, the County has not done that type of project. Crawford questioned what the local diking district is doing and what position it is taking. Sherm Polinder, stated they have very little money, but are willing to share some of it for matching funds. The bottom line is that they will be alright if they don't have a major flood for two years. If they do have a flood, Mr. Van Dyken is in a spot that is in danger of dropping in. The practical question is, if that happens, who is responsible. Most of them know that the dike is an illegal dike without a permit. Hoag asked about changing the policy, and if they can make an exception to the policy if something fits the criteria and they filed a claim. Monsen stated that as the Board of Supervisors of the flood district, the Council could make exceptions any time it wants. However, exceptions usually lead to a number of requests, and they will be back to redesigning the program. Nelson stated the policy is to work through a funding matching policy. When these situations arise, have agencies develop plans within their own locales. He is concerned about becoming inundated with requests. Many people have impacts from flooding without having a comprehensive approach to the problem. They want to solve most of the problems in a comprehensive fashion. Hoag agreed on having a comprehensive approach, but the timeline doesn't allow that to be completed in this instance. What these owners are proposing is in line with what the Council proposes for its comprehensive approach. It is not something that would cause problems down river, such as a dike. The Council should take a short -term look at this. Nelson stated he is not ready to make a commitment to these folks at this time about a buyout. He questioned whether FEMA has programs for individuals. Monsen stated his flood staff could answer that question. Nelson suggested that the owners see if there is anyway that they can get assistance from FEMA. 1. WRIA 1 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT Drayton Harbor Sewer Line Repair Bruce Roll, Water Resources Division Manager, stated this is a second early action project funded through Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) Early Action Grant Program. It has been highly successful, and it involved many players who participated together, including Semiahmoo First Nation, City of Bellingham, Port of Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Bellingham, State Department of Health, WRIA 1, and City of Blaine. Together, all the groups found a place to affect change and deal with issues related to sewer overflows. The people who participated understood the complexities of infrastructure in terms of sewer lines. It was a good educational project. At the same time, there was also a partnership. They continue to monitor fecal coliforms and discharges in the vicinity of these areas, so they will have information in the future that will hopefully show a decline in fecal coliform. Brenner stated she is impressed with the work that was done for that price. She asked if this covers the majority of the problem. Roll stated this is a big one for the shellfish committee. It was a partnership with the Drayton Harbor Shellfish Protection District Advisory Committee. It was one area identified as a priority with the Advisory Committee. It is time to move on to the next priorities. Brenner stated she liked seeing something that they actually committed money to, stayed within the budget, and was finished. Watershed Characterization Summary Roll stated this is a good starting point to understand what is going on in the watershed. They need a user - friendly status of the watershed. This is the first draft. It will be worked over in the coming months. People can begin to understand how the pieces will fit into the products rolling out of the WIRA process. Sue Blake, Resource Planner, stated there are several different chapters that include background, overview of how water is used in WRIA, the challenges and issues, data research needs, and potential solutions and opportunities. The purpose is to explain the extensive technical work being done by the process. They need to make sure there is a common understanding of how they use water and of the issues and challenges. The purpose is also to help identify key problems and common issues. It will be used to assist in developing the decision support system (DSS), the phase III technical work, and the watershed plan. The DSS will try to address the various issues out there. This document helps the non- technical person understand the problems and possible solutions. This report was put together by her and Becky Peterson. Many other authors contributed. They are referenced in the document. The information builds on past and current work being done. It is all referenced in the document. It represents technical information and the perspectives of the community. It is a living document that is updated as new information is provided. The background chapter talks about the size of the WRIA, who lives here, the different kinds of land use, economics, water resources, and biological resources. For example, the report provides information on the smaller drainages. Twenty drainages are summarized in the report. The background section also includes a pie chart on population. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 The second chapter is on water uses. That chapter includes basic information on how people use water here from out of stream /consumptive uses including domestic, commercial, industrial, agriculture, and hatchery uses. There is also information on instream /non- consumptive uses, such as fisheries. There is also a section on the near shore water and estuaries, including shellfish. Much more could be added, but this is what they focused on at this point. Crawford asked if the water use information includes the Georgia- Pacific (GP) diversion. Blake stated it does. Crawford questioned what the City is currently doing with that water, and if the pipe is open or closed. Blake stated they route water from the middle fork of the Nooksack River, through Anderson Creek, and into Lake Whatcom. There is one intake for the city. When it reaches Whatcom Falls Park, some of it goes to GP and the rest goes to the water treatment plant. She doesn't know the volume that GP is using now. Roll stated it is around two to three million gallons per day (mgd), compared to 20 mgd they used previous to their shut down. The use has tapered off dramatically. Crawford stated that after GP shut down, there was a headline that the lake is threatened due to lack of water going through it. He asked about keeping the lake flushed. Roll stated it is years in which water is retained in the reservoir. Having the GP pipe on or off has minimal impact on the number of years the water is retained. There isn't enough water being drawn to imply that the GP usage is the dilution factor. In terms of microbial activity, the diversion is insignificant in terms of effects throughout the entire basin. Nelson questioned whether they could cause a short turnover time if they shut off the intake completely. Roll stated it may be four years instead of three years. Blake stated the modeling would help answer those questions in the next few years. They are trying to set up models to get better technical information. Hoag asked if the water is staying in the North Fork or coming through the lake. Blake stated she didn't know when the diversion was turned back on. Nelson stated they typically let it drain down in the winter because it will fill up naturally. Brenner asked if it is correct to say that they don't have enough information to determine if there is a problem. Roll stated that one factor of the impact to water quality is that there are a number of loads coming into the lake and they don't know the response of the lake. That is a gap they currently have in information. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Brenner asked if someone else has information that the County doesn't have. She asked where the newspaper got its information. Blake stated she's heard about different opinions over the years. Brenner asked if there is data. Crawford stated the City of Bellingham has the data. Brenner stated the County should have the data that the City of Bellingham has. Roll stated data is collected in response to a particular management strategy they are trying to evaluate. Data hasn't been collected with that question in mind. There is data, but they lack the types of data to make sure that they have a scientific explanation. Brenner asked if there is anything in the data they have that would answer that question definitively. Crawford asked if shutting off the intake and outflow would result in lower dissolved oxygen levels and the lake getting worse. If they can agree it is not a big deal, then fine. On the other hand, they were taking 20 million gallons per day in and out of the lake. That is changing the situation. Roll stated it is difficult to give one answer. There are three basins that behave differently. They hope to describe behaviors through the modeling. Dawson asked how the instream flow is measured, and if accumulating gravel affects instream flow. Blake stated the water rights section has information on instream flows and why they are an issue. The book identifies the status of the water rights in the basins according to the Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 173 -201. Because of things that have happened, closing a stream poses a much bigger challenge for groundwater withdrawals as well. This document attempts a concise discussion about the instream flow topic. There have been questions about the methodology that was used. Based on their current work, they will look to see if these statuses would be changed. There may be more closures or fewer closures. She can't answer the gravel bar question. Groundwater contributes to surface waters. The system is a cycle of hydraulic continuity. Monsen stated that in urbanized areas, smaller streams may be a collection of capturing rainfall and getting a discharge. There may be a scenario in which there is no recharge of the groundwater. It is no longer a reservoir to add water into the stream during the dryer parts of the year. They don't have that groundwater flow back into the stream. Small channels can go dry because of that scenario. The same principal applies to the Nooksack River, but on a different scale. Brenner asked if it is possible in unpopulated areas for smaller creeks to go dry in the summer anyway. Monsen stated it is possible. It becomes a matter of frequency and the system's ability to recover from those events. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Blake stated pages 55 and 56 of the document show graphs on actual stream flows plotted against the legally established flows. (Clerk's Note: End of tape one, side A.) Monsen stated he envisions instream flow as a fixed number. However, it is also a dynamic regiment throughout the year. Dawson stated that as the gravel accumulates, the water warms up. That is not good for fisheries. There is less ability for people to take out groundwater. Monsen stated water temperature in the main stem of the Nooksack River has to do with what is happening to the water in the watershed. A question is whether the surface water is too warm or if there is groundwater that is recharging the area. Gravel in the main stem of the Nooksack River doesn't have a dramatic impact on water temperature. The impact is from water upstream. Blake stated one of the proposals from Utah State University (USU) in their phase III technical work is to look at the most important reasons why there are temperature problems in the south fork of the Nooksack River. There are many reasons for the temperature to be high. Hoag stated that in the Sumas River, there was a spot where the river was dredged. One of the side benefits was that it began drawing groundwater from the area and the temperature dropped. There are lots of fish there now. In the adjudicatory hearings for Sumas Energy 2 (SE2), water specialists testified that pumping tests for SE2 showed a decrease in the amount of groundwater going into Johnson Creek. Johnson Creek is 100 percent fed by groundwater during the summer. There is an interaction there. Brenner stated she has a hard time believing that there is not a direct effect between gravel buildup and increased water temperature. If they are trying to restore habitat, deeper channels for the fish will help. Monsen stated that is why he specifically referred to the main stem of the Nooksack River, where gravel being deposited doesn't mean that the water is getting shallower. That is not necessarily the case in some of the smaller tributaries. The example of Johnson Creek is a good example of sediment coming in and forcing shallower and shallower water that is more vulnerable to raised temperatures. Removing the material in that situation is the right solution. That is not necessarily a correlation to the main stem of the Nooksack River. Brenner stated it is likely that it is raising the temperature in many places on the Nooksack River. Blake stated one proposal from USU is to answer that very question. Brenner questioned whether they would be allowed to dredge if they get the answer to that question. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 7 1 2 Hoag stated making the river shallow prevents cooler groundwater from 3 feeding the stream. 4 5 Blake stated the final three chapters are on data and research needs, a 6 summary of potential solutions and opportunities, and a brief overview of the next 7 steps. This is a living document. The Planning Unit has received regular updates 8 on where they are on this. She provided the Planning Unit with the latest version in 9 October. She would like feedback from everyone on the document by January 15. 10 She will launch into another revision process to be ready in three to six months. 11 12 Nelson stated this is one of the best document designs he's seen in a long 13 time. He liked the terminology and definitions where he can look at them. The 14 tables and graphs are clear. It is laid out comprehensively. It will be easy for the 15 councilmembers and public to look at and read. Some terms are left out of the 16 glossary. Blake stated she will take this document and do an briefer summary of 17 the most interesting information for people. 18 19 Hoag stated page 53 includes legally established instream flows and closures. 20 It doesn't identify the geographic locations on the map. Blake stated the map will 21 be redone for better resolution. There may have to be a pullout map for the next 22 version. 23 24 Brenner stated they should not use an acronym that stands for two different 25 things, such as LID, which stands for local improvement district and low impact 26 development. Talking in acronyms turns the public off. 27 28 Hoag stated someone testified that it was determined that the 29 Sumas /Abbottsford aquifer had plenty of water, based on the studies that have 30 been completed so far. She questioned whether that is included in this document. 31 Blake stated that is not in this document. It is more complex than that. 32 33 Roll stated they don't provide printed copies of this document to the public. 34 It is available on compact disc and will be on the website soon. 35 36 37 2. MARINE RESOURCES COMMITTEE 38 39 Update on Activities of the Whatcom County Marine Resources Committee 40 41 Erika Stroebel, Planner II, stated that over the last two years, the Marine 42 Resources Committee (MRC) received four grants from the Northwest Straits 43 Commission. Two administrative grants help with contracts, meetings, and the 44 work of the MRC. Two action grants are to compile existing information on 45 Whatcom County marine resources and a shoreline inventory. This year, they held 46 the first annual marine summit, which pulled together a variety of local groups. 47 There are many other processes and projects through other MRC's and the 48 Northwest Straits Commission. This year, the Whatcom County MRC has chosen Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 several projects to pursue. The focus is on forage fish, bottom fish, data management, and continuing to build community partnerships. They are working on forage fish in collaboration with other MRC's and the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. A protocol has been developed. Regarding bottom fish, Skagit County did work with local community members last year to identify potential bottom fish for protection in that county. Whatcom County would like to do something similar, and use the information to focus on future efforts. There is a lot of marine resource data out there. They helped compile and generate some of that data. More data will be generated. It is important to find a way to manage that data and make it accessible to many folks in the community. They will strive to develop a management strategy that is accessible by the public. Brenner asked if they get the kind of data from out in the ocean that they need for habitat protection. Stroebel stated they will start with near -shore data. Through the Shellfish Protection District efforts, there has been coordination with some of the Canadian folks. They hope to link to that data from Canada and learn about that system. This is a regional system. Brenner asked if they are going to get some data that is farther out from the shore. There is some concern about seals and sea lions. Stroebel stated they can pursue that data. They will try to find links to that data rather than try to manage it. Stroebel stated a final component is continuing to build community partnerships. The marine summit was an excellent start in recognizing all the marine efforts in the county and regionally. They have been making great strides to build bridges between shellfish protection and salmon recovery efforts. A grant application in the packet provides more detail on the projects they propose. The Northwest Straits Commission is reviewing the applications. They hope to hear the result by December. They may have to make a few adjustments in their applications, and then they will hopefully begin receiving money in February. Hoag stated she serves on the committee. When the MRC was established, the committee members mentioned that they want to see short -term projects as well as long -term projects. There are a lot of long -term projects here. For a short - term project, she would like to identify impacts to forage fish so they can begin to address the things that are causing problems. Look for gaps in the data, such as the deposition of air pollution on the near -shore environment. No one is doing that work. Stroebel stated that is why it is important to build partnerships. Salmon recovery efforts propose several near -shore projects this year. That will help to fill the gaps. There is $15,000 left in this year's budget. They are working on a proposal for more short -term projects. Included in that proposal is a stewardship program that recognizes shoreline owners and their stewardship practices. Another program is an adopt -a -beach cleanup strategy and removal of creosote pilings that have been identified. Brenner asked if there is an adopt -a -creek program. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Hoag stated there is not an official program. Stroebel stated the adopt -a -road program is how this idea got started. They thought it would be nice to do something similar to the beaches. There are already many volunteers out there cleaning up beaches. This is a way to recognize those volunteers and help provide supplies. Brenner stated she did that in Point Roberts, and asked if Point Roberts has a program. Stroebel stated she was not sure. There have been more informal local efforts and also once -a -year beach clean up at Point Roberts. Hoag asked the Council to keep an eye in the future on what is going on. The Cherry Point herring are (inaudible). No one is looking at air deposition on the near -shore environment. She also encourages Marine Resources to pick up the issue. Brenner asked if the State Department of Fish and Wildlife or the State Department of Ecology is looking at any herring defects. Stroebel stated a joint effort is looking at that population. 3. LAKE WHATCOM Lake Whatcom Watershed Action Strategy (Clerk's Note: The Council took a two - minute break.) Roll stated there are three issues that include existing development, future development, and how to deal with hazardous spills and response. In each of those categories, they have identified work that needs to be accomplished in the context of addressing those issues from a water quality perspective. This strategy is geared toward recognizing that it is a drinking water supply, and the issues related to drinking water are the highest priority in developing strategies. Brenner stated she understood that the moratorium would be short -term to collect the data. However, this document says a moratorium would be instituted until the tasks are completed. Crawford stated the minimum moratorium proposed is for three years. Roll stated the purpose of the moratorium was to pursue and complete the tasks as much as possible in the timeframe proposed. The three specific areas have tasks that need to be completed. The first task for future development is the protection of priority areas through conservation easement or other tools. Another task is to evaluate development standards and regulations and to pursue amendments to encourage or require low impact development practices. A third task is education and enforcement of existing land Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 10 1 use regulations. The fourth task is to acquire scientific information for predicting 2 pollutant loading into Lake Whatcom. They lack information on amount of pollution 3 from current land uses. This is related to pollutant loading information. 4 5 The next area is existing development, which would focus on a specific area 6 in the Lake Whatcom watershed, retrofitting, the impacts of retrofitting on water 7 quality, and how to manage stormwater. Another task is to reduce stormwater 8 contaminants through a stepped up emphasis on source controls, including current 9 stewardship and non - regulatory incentive -based programs. A multitude of these 10 have been rolled out in the last two years. This is to recognize those non - 11 regulatory, incentive based programs and increase the audience. It will determine 12 if the educational activities ultimately have an impact on water quality in the 13 watershed. 14 15 Brenner suggested adding language, "lake- friendly gardening and 16 landscaping." They are not exactly the same thing. 17 18 Roll stated another task is enforcement and education of existing land use 19 regulations. The last task for existing development is to acquire scientific 20 information related to what they currently know in terms of existing development, 21 areas where land use occurs in critical areas and other areas in the watershed, and 22 acquiring that loading information. They are looking at loading information in terms 23 of what may happen in the future and what is currently happening. Develop a 24 management strategy to mitigate potential pollutants. 25 26 Dawson asked how long it would take to complete the tasks. Roll stated it 27 will take three to four years. The scientific information related to loading depends 28 on lengthy, continuous gauging and flow measurements. At the same time, they 29 need to acquire data relative to pollutant loads related to both normal events and 30 stormwater events. 31 32 The emergency spill response area is important in the context of dealing with 33 issues in the lake and outside the lake, and how the community collectively 34 responds to spills. They need to make sure there are strategies in place. 35 36 Crawford stated this plan was not presented at the County Council meeting 37 on Tuesday night. 38 39 Brenner asked the type of relationship the County has with the City of 40 Bellingham to work together to create development ordinances that would lower 41 impacts in the watershed. She received an email from a citizen who sent her 42 information on what the City is doing. The City wants a dead end road paved wider 43 than the developer of a subdivision proposes. The City wants the dead end road to 44 be paved 18 feet wide. She remembered having a meeting with other 45 councilmembers where road turnouts were discussed. The City of Bellingham is 46 telling people that the County will not let the City develop roads that are less than 47 18 feet wide. However, that is not the message that the County Council gave. 48 Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Hoag stated the County Council specifically put in language saying that roads of lesser standards would be allowed and the Engineering Division would work it out. Dick Prieve, Assistant Director of Administration, stated the County and City have a letter of agreement. Road width becomes a safety issue. The County always had a minimum of 20 feet to allow for parking and emergency vehicles. That is for a very low volume of traffic. Brenner stated the County Council made it clear that the County would allow other things for less impervious surfaces. Hoag stated that was also a recommendation of the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). Brenner stated the County Council direction is being ignored. Prieve stated the City and County are working together to reduce standards. He didn't think it is true that the City is telling people the County won't allow lesser standards. Brenner stated Tom Rosenburg is one of the City employees who is telling that to people. Roll stated there was a specific task from the Joint Lake Whatcom Management Committee that dealt specifically with roads, road standards, and coordination between the City and County. Tom Rosenburg was the lead on that. It included participants from the County. There is a link. The two governments have been talking. Brenner stated she would like a response about why the City is saying that. Nelson asked if there are clear enough policies and directions that staff can administer. Monsen stated that staff is in the process of rewriting the road standards in response to Council direction. Also, staff is aware that there is federal guidance relating to the ability to construct roadways that are narrower, from a liability standpoint. That guidance is being handed to them, which they didn't have in the past. Brenner questioned whether that guidance is an actual requirement. Monsen stated it is guidance that any tort attorney would be successful in using against the County. Brenner stated there are alternatives that other communities are using. Monsen stated staff is looking at putting those alternatives in place. They have not yet rewritten all of the road standards, but they are being rewritten in the context of the Council's direction. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Nelson stated the City should tell people what the County's current standards are. Monsen agreed. Hoag stated the Lake Whatcom overlay was done two years ago. When it was done, the Council was clear in its intent that road standards in the watershed should be lessened so there is less of an impact on the lake. The TAC was involved in that discussion. The language is there. Sylvia Goodwin, Planning Division Manager, stated part of the problem is an ongoing problem with TAC. They work at a very methodical pace. It takes forever to get anything through. They are supportive, but they move very slowly. It took five years to write the subdivisions regulations. It's been two years on road standards. Staff has been trying to get the committee to work on Lake Whatcom stormwater standards for two years. The committee needs Council deadlines. Brenner stated that isn't the problem. The City of Bellingham has an option to have a lesser standard, with an agreement that the developer /owner will pay for an upgrade in the future. It is like a covenant on the property. It provides breathing room while the standards are being worked on. The County should use an intermediate agreement. Once 18 -feet wide asphalt is installed, it is done. The County should use an intermediate measure. Hoag stated that this was referred to the Engineering Division, not TAC. (Clerk's Note: End of tape one, side 8.) Brenner stated applications are in right now. They are fighting with the City about the road width. Do an emergency ordinance to allow for an interim agreement. Nelson stated the Council might need to revise the process with the TAC and review the relationship policies between the City and County. Brenner asked if the County could impose a smaller threshold until the standards are worked out with the City. Crawford stated the Council was told that there were two applications that would have been affected by the proposed holding pattern. Goodwin stated there are two short plats and one four -lot long plat. One of them was recently approved. There were only five new lots last year that would have been affected by a moratorium. Crawford asked if that is an indication of the pace of subdivision development that would be affected by a moratorium. Goodwin stated that is true. Historically, there has been more. Last year, the issue that prevented subdivisions was the water supply. The City is reluctant to give anyone water outside of the urban growth area (UGA) and within the watershed. There hasn't been an available water supply. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Brenner stated that is the law. Goodwin stated that is correct. Crawford asked if that situation changed. Goodwin stated not that she is aware of. People can still do a short plat if they can get a well. Hoag stated they need to look back at the past several years to determine the pace of development. Crawford asked if the situation could be characterized as greedy developers tearing down the Planning Department trying to subdivide in the watershed. He is trying to get to the nature of the emergency. Goodwin stated there has not been over the last year. There may have been more in the previous year because of a pending threat of development regulations. Crawford questioned what has happened in the Planning Department this past week, in terms of the reaction of the community to a proposed moratorium. Goodwin stated there have been inquiries. They have not had a flood of applications, partly because a developer has to get a surveyor and establish water supply. It takes more than a week to get a subdivision application in. It takes two to four weeks. Unless someone has already been working on it, it will take another couple of weeks before someone can get in an application. There is an increase in inquiries, but they are not tracked. Crawford asked about the recommendation from the Water Resources Division. Roll stated he was directed to develop the strategy that is in the Council's packet. Monsen stated that with or without the moratorium, the division's focus was to develop an action plan to bring focus and resolution to the Lake Whatcom watershed issue. This action plan proposal is with or without a moratorium. He intends to move ahead of this with or without a moratorium. Crawford asked why they need to find resolution now, and who directed County staff to create the recommendation. Nelson stated that question needs to be directed to the County Executive. Monsen stated the primary focus of the discussion with the County Executive was to get these things accomplished logically, with or without a moratorium. Crawford asked if staff would pursue the strategy if they don't do a moratorium. Monsen stated they would. Crawford asked if the County Executive would determine what is going to happen in the watershed, regardless of the work that the Council has done. He asked if the Council decides whether or not this is the policy they want to pursue. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Roll stated there isn't a thing in the proposal that wasn't in the jointly adopted Lake Whatcom Management Plan. This proposal emphasizes the pieces that they need to get going on sooner rather than later. There is nothing in the proposal that the County Council has not already approved. Crawford asked why it wasn't proposed that way. Hoag stated the question was whether or not they should stop development while these things are accomplished. These things have been agreed on by all the jurisdictions. The question was whether or not to stop development in the meantime. The Council has voted to approve this over the years. The moratorium is new. She would like to go through the document and ask about specific items. She doesn't agree that they need to have all the items complete before lifting the moratorium. On page 2 of 3 of the Lake Whatcom Watershed Action Strategy, item one of the existing development area, she asked the potential development in the Geneva area. Monsen stated there is little potential development. Geneva was isolated to accomplish retrofitting, not new development. Hoag asked the importance of having that item complete before new development if they are using it to demonstrate a retrofit. Monsen stated the moratorium has nothing to do with Geneva. Hoag read the second area of existing development. She didn't see something about fixing failing stormwater systems. An inventory showed that the Park Place drain is failing. She questioned why there is not an item to fix the system that is not working. Monsen stated that from a regional standpoint, there are no non - working systems in the unincorporated area. There are some small systems in the Geneva area. Councilmember Hoag's suggestion would be a project in Geneva. The systems in the unincorporated areas are either a ditch or a small detention system. Hoag asked if the County could coordinate with the City to address that issue. Monsen stated it is a matter of approaching the issue without having a say in it. Brenner stated she wanted to make sure the moratorium, if they approve one, is temporary and not ongoing. The items that should not be included as tasks for the moratorium because they are ongoing are: • Protection of high - priority lands through conservation easements and other preservation tools, • Evaluate development standards and regulations and pursue amendments to encourage or require low impact development, • Education and enforcement of existing land use regulations, and • Reduce stormwater contaminants through a stepped up emphasis on source controls including current stewardship and non - regulatory incentive based programs. Crawford stated that when he reads this document, he doesn't have a problem with any of this in detail. He suggests that they should discuss what a Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 moratorium does to help or not help this along. He is struggling with why four of the councilmembers voted for the moratorium. Nelson stated that if they do a moratorium, he hoped the reason is to do a time out to develop the knowledge base they need. To demonstrate concerns, they need a baseline. The question is whether a moratorium allows the time to develop that baseline. Roll stated yes. It is an opportunity to collect information they need to predict what should go where and what is existing right now, and what their relative contributions are to Lake Whatcom water quality. This is something they are pursuing regardless of a moratorium. Nelson asked if the information would be different if there is a moratorium. Roll stated it depends on what they are most interested in addressing, such as high- density development, single family homes, and building across the spectrum. Nelson asked the reason for doing the moratorium. Roll stated the Council has come to him a number of times wanting to do an overlay and the effects of development on stormwater. This process is to acquire information to provide guidance in the future on how they may want to allow development in the future and how they currently want to deal with existing pollutant loads from existing development. Brenner stated she thought that they would find out where the pollutants come from. The mercury issue put this on the front burner. She thought they would find out where those sources come from before they proceed, and that this moratorium will give the County a chance to look at that pollutant and other pollutants. Roll stated this proposal does not include mercury. This is geared toward pollutants that have immediate health effects to the drinking water supply. The priority was specifically as a source protection of drinking water. The issues with mercury are based on fish consumption. Hoag stated the question from the public is the most efficient way to protect a drinking water reservoir. It is most efficient to protect pollutants from getting in the lake in the first place, rather than removing the pollutants once they are in the lake. In cities and counties that have not allowed development in the drinking water reservoir, they don't have a problem. Places that allow development have contaminated water and spend huge amounts of money to clean up the water, with mixed results. The purpose of a moratorium is to hold development until they are sure that development does not impair the water quality or until there is an efficient method of fixing the problem. The question is whether they should allow development before they know if they can adequately address the impacts. The tasks in the plan are how they know. Look at other things that have gone on. The problem may not necessarily be from residential development, but they don't know for sure. If they can find out and prove that they can allow development with no impact on the lake, then there is no reason to prevent development. On the other hand, if there is a problem, the Council has to determine how much development is acceptable. The purpose of the moratorium is to stop and determine whether or not there can be development without risking the drinking water supply. Have a moratorium to assess where they are at, and to determine whether or not they can Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 allow development without having a negative impact on the drinking water source. That is the issue of the moratorium, not to collect a steady baseline. Nelson stated humans make an impact. Lakes will degrade naturally. The Council needs to develop policies. No one can guarantee a development with zero impacts. Brenner stated they could create developments that reduce impacts by doing certain things. Developers are interested in doing that. Produce a menu of options so people can develop their properties. Hoag stated the public was told that the Park Place stormwater system would prevent contaminants from running into the lake. Tests have shown that it was a miserable failure. They know that what they are doing doesn't work. They need to look at the things that are not working and question why. Emily Salka, Building Industry Association, stated she is concerned about the lack of public process that went into this process. If people feel development is a main source of the problem, no one in her agency was asked about this. She doesn't see that this is a threat to the public's health, safety, and welfare. Two years ago, the County Council adopted a proposal by BIA on policies and goals to reduce pollution. Development can be used as a tool to reduce pollution. She doesn't think a moratorium is necessary to achieve these goals. Gary Reid, builder, asked the cost benefit of a moratorium to the public. He asked what they gain and the defining goals. If they shut down development, they affect the growth management process. Brenner stated she understood from Executive Kremen that this would not be prolonged. The timeframe is important. Reid stated he would be concerned if the County Council extended the moratorium many times. The plan doesn't define a goal for staff. Hoag stated she asked the Executive when the moratorium would end. The Executive told her the moratorium would end when the studies are complete, in about six months. Putting a time limit on the moratorium is not the answer. They would lift the moratorium when the tasks are complete. Reid stated the councilmembers just discussed that they need a three or four year monitoring period. (Clerk's Note: End of tape two, side A.) Reid continued to ask what could be accomplished in the six months that the moratorium allowed. Hoag stated an emergency moratorium is always sixty days, legally. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Dan Gibson, Senior Civil Deputy Prosecutor, stated an emergency ordinance has a 60 -day limit. A moratorium has a six -month limit. They would initiate an emergency moratorium ordinance for 60 days, have a hearing, and move into a six - month moratorium. The six months can be extended. It requires a hearing and further findings that state an extension is needed. Reid stated the developers' goals are similar to those in the plan. The question is whether this moratorium is fair and if it is reasonable to create this much doubt amongst the landowners. It won't have much of an impact on the industry as a whole, but there may be a big impact on one individual's rights. Crawford asked if a study, with continual new findings, would be the basis for extending the moratorium. Gibson stated a radical new set of information would not have to come forward every six months. Typically, after six months, they can keep going if they don't have the information that they are looking for. That is the practical reality. Nelson asked if they could put a time limit on a moratorium. Gibson stated yes. It is for six months. It is not extended beyond six months unless the Council says it will be extended. They can continue up to one year if a work plan is developed. Bill Henshaw, 2653 N. Park Drive, Bellingham, stated the County, City, and Water District 10 invested money in a program three years ago. For three years, there has been a lot of dithering around. There is not a real understanding of what is going on in terms of the watershed. The Building Industry Association (BIA) put forth a proposal to attempt to retrofit all the existing homes. The realtors also submitted a proposal. That was three years ago. They've been in this process for three years, and they are still trying to do baseline studies. They need to retrofit houses. They need to fix stormwater problems in the city and the county. Concentrate on getting those done first. Continue with the baseline studies. The public would feel better about how the money is spent by the County and the City. There is not a level of cooperation that is needed to get the job done. They are doing the same thing here that is happening with salmon. The County and City are each doing something different. It is time to coordinate and use common sense instead of putting it all on development. Subdivisions have to meet stormwater management practices that are in place now. A single house does not. The subdivisions are the best use for around Lake Whatcom, from an engineering standpoint. The stormwater standards will keep the lake clean. They can't do anything about a single house. Brenner asked if best management practices (BMP's) for subdivisions will not create any pollution. Prieve stated they would not create pollution if they are put in and maintained correctly. Brenner stated it is a moving target. They have to demand retrofitting. She is glad there are developers who will do that. The moratorium was supposed to be a breather, but not for a long time. It was supposed to be done to allow very specific things. It shouldn't take years. There are things they can find in six Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 months. In the meantime, the County can develop interim standards for development. Hoag asked for clarification on whether Mr. Henshaw believes that residential subdivisions are a problem in the watershed. Henshaw stated they are a minor impact compared to existing development. Hoag asked if Mr. Henshaw knows where the mercury comes from. Henshaw stated he has no idea, but knows the amount is less than the State Department of Ecology's (DOE's) standard for water quality. Hoag stated mercury is bio- cumulative. She questioned whether Mr. Henshaw is aware of the toxic byproduct that is created when surface water is treated with chlorine (inaudible). Henshaw stated he is aware that byproducts are created. Hoag stated that studies show that most of the organic (inaudible) from the lake comes from residential development. If they add more organic stuff to the lake, and end up with more carcinogenic byproducts from treatment, then it is a large impact on the public. Cal Leenstra, 1802 Lakeside, stated there is no imminent threat that can be clearly demonstrated. There is not even a consensus among the councilmembers about why this should be done. A moratorium would precipitate more applications and aggravate the situation. It isn't going to get the job done. There have been studies over the years on the lake. They still don't have the answers. They will not get the answers in 60 days or in six months. Vote against a moratorium. If implemented, and peoples' property values are devalued and there will be a takings issue. He doesn't want to spend tax money on paying for a lawsuit. Brenner asked if there has been any case where there has been a temporary, time - specific moratorium in which a judge ruled there was a taking. Gibson stated he was not aware of any. Brenner asked if it is probable that there would be a case of a taking. Gibson stated not on a six -month moratorium. It is different if it becomes a seven -year moratorium. Dawson stated mercury is shown in basin three, which has the least amount of development. She anticipates that the mercury comes from the old mines in the area. The public is accusing development for the increased amount of mercury. Nelson asked for timeframes on the action items. Brenner asked how quickly they could have a plan in place for retrofitting. Nelson asked what could be accomplished in six months. Monsen stated it is difficult for staff to give Council a timeframe for completing each item. Many Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 activities involve a variety of individuals and departments. Staff needs to discuss it first to develop an accurate answer. Nelson asked if any of the tasks could be completed in six months. Troy Muljat, 956 Colony Court, stated a moratorium sends a negative message to the development community. Quality of life is important for all. He is president of the Board of Realtors. The moratorium is not a major emergency. He is enlightened by the action items. Vote against the moratorium. Nelson asked for a timeframe to complete each item. Monsen stated some of the items could be done in six months if they drop everything else. Brenner stated that if it is important enough to do an emergency, they should lower the priority of everything else. Goodwin stated they can't drop everything. The County has other mandates. Nelson asked what is important for a moratorium. Monsen stated that if they envision the topic areas having a beginning and an end, then there are ways to do that within six months or 12 months. They need three or four years of data gathering. Everything else can be done in a specific timeframe if they establish the appropriate priorities, are willing to drop other things, and have the right resources available. . Hoag asked how long it would take to develop an emergency spill response. Stroebel stated that action involves several different departments. They haven't discussed that with the other departments. Roll stated a number of jurisdictions also would be involved. They haven't asked other jurisdictions to make this a priority. Brenner stated Executive Kremen and Dewey Desler should be there to give an answer on the timelines. Nelson asked why an emergency spill response is tied to a moratorium. Brenner stated more cars from development results in more chances for a spill. Hoag stated some developments might heat with oil, which requires oil trucks to be driving in the watershed. Brenner asked how the administration came up with an estimate of the timeline. Nelson stated he was told they would do an emergency moratorium to have a public hearing on these items regarding a six -month moratorium. That was not to Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 say that the work would last for six months. It was only that a moratorium can be done for six months at a time. Brenner stated a three -year moratorium would push their patience. Hoag asked the timeline of acquiring scientific information for predicting pollutant loading into Lake Whatcom. Roll stated they need good flow information over three to four years to begin to get a body of information for flow. In addition, they need individual samples on pollutants to be collected in that time during normal events and also during storm events. This is being addressed through the total maximum daily load (TMDL) from DOE and work by the WRIA watershed planning process. Those are two places the scientific information will be gathered. The proposal on the Planning Unit's table is that some of the loading data be collected through WRIA, and lake response data be collected through the TMDL process. Hoag asked if any of this information has been gathered for predicting pollutant loading. Roll stated there is very sketchy data now. Stroebel stated there is data for a year from two or three sites. Four new stations were installed this fall, and two new stations will be installed in the spring. Roll stated studies are only as good as the scientific questions that are asked. Robin Matthews did good work on low level dissolved oxygen. That regimen isn't intended to be applied to where the load is coming from. Hoag stated other items were about evaluating development standards and making amendments that require low impact development practices. She asked the timeframe. (Clerk's Note Nelson and Crawford left at 1:10 p.m. The quorum was lost. The discussion continued, below.) Goodwin stated it will take about two years. This year, the County has to update its Comprehensive Plan, Critical Area Ordinance, and other requirements. If this is all the Planning Department had to do, staff could focus on it and get it done in a year. Brenner asked what would happen if they did a moratorium to develop, within six months, interim regulations for the watershed that would result in a net reduction of pollution due to development. Pat Jones and the BIA have talked about this before. Set interim standards that would allow development to continue with stringent interim standards. They could put that together in six months. Goodwin stated they could do it if they drop the Lummi Island Subarea Plan, the transfer of development rights (TDR) program, and the surface mining and gravel studies. Brenner stated they would not drop the priorities, but rearrange the priorities. This is supposedly life and death. They've said that the Lake Whatcom Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 watershed is the number one priority. Goodwin stated they can do it if they can postpone other things. Reid stated a lot of that is already put together. Single family houses have strict stormwater management guidelines. They are probably close to the net guidelines now. Brenner stated this would not be guidelines. This would be regulations. Reid stated that already exists. They will never see the water runoff. It all goes underground to the leaching trenches. There are a lot of technical regulations in place. He didn't know what else they can do that isn't being done. Brenner stated no one has said to her that they are only allowing development in the watershed that creates a net reduction in pollution. Goodwin stated they don't use that term, and the County never requires someone to overcompensate for someone else's pollution. That might not even be legal. Monsen stated the County is not monitoring the situation, so they can't say if that actually occurs. Brenner stated they need to do six months of monitoring to see if that is happening. She asked if it was legal to require a net reduction in pollution. Gibson stated the County cannot legally require someone to take care of someone else's pollution. Hoag discussed mercury. She didn't know if people are aware of the studies that have been done that compares public municipal groundwater sources and surface water sources, and the cancer rates that are associated with them. The studies found that communities that use surface water end up with a byproduct when they use chlorine to treat the water, because of the amount of the organic material in the surface water. The more organic stuff that is in the water, the more carcinogenic byproduct is created. There is a direct connection between what goes into that water. It is not about chemicals or pesticides. Brenner stated they are saying now that almost all surface water is being considered groundwater. Hoag stated once the water comes to the surface, it is surface water. Reid stated look at the information in terms of the moratorium. Look at the number of lots proposed last year and the balance of the developed areas. Determine the percentage of impact of existing development that is proposed to future development. Also look at the guidelines that already exist. There would be .00 percent impact on five new lots compared to 99.99 percent on the existing development. They are not talking about a moratorium on people who use the property that exists today. They are talking about the future five lots that are under a much higher standard. Hoag stated that saying the future is about only five lots is misleading. The point is that they can't put a moratorium on someone who already lives in a house. Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 They can look at the number of the lots that are developable. It is a very high number, higher than what is already developed. A moratorium addresses a big part of the problem. Brenner stated Sylvia Goodwin does not believe there are transitional regulations in place that require no net increase in pollution. Reid stated the standards are very high now. Requiring no net increase would require a $5,000 study on every lot to prove that there is no net increase. There are high, reasonable standards now. (Clerk's Note: End of tape two, side B.) Brenner stated that until they get to a point where they have a better idea of the cause of the problems, they would have to require no net increase in pollution. They can't require a reduction, but they can create interim standards that require no net increase. She does not expect to have all the answers in six months. She is also not looking to extend the moratorium beyond six months. She is trying to have something developed in six months that would justify taking specific actions in the watershed. ADJOURN The meeting adjourned at 1:10 p.m. Jill Nixon, Minutes Transcription These minutes were approved by Council on December 11 , 2001. ATTEST: Dana Brown - Davis, Council Clerk WHATCOM COUNTY COUNCIL WHATCOM COUNTY, WASHINGTON L. Ward Nelson, Council Chair Water Resources Work Session, 11/20/2001, Page 23